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Who Would You Like to Kill?

“I think the human race needs to think more about killing, about conflict. Is that what we want in this 21st Century?”
 – Robert McNamara, The Fog of War (2003)

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“How careful should we be, that we do not mistake the impressions of gloom and melancholy, for the dictates of reason and truth. How careful, lest borne away by a torrent of passion, we make shipwreck of conscience.”
 – John Adams (November 29, 1770)

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“We’ll see you at your house. We’ll murder you,” the young woman threatened the Bakersfield City Council. “The entire nation is coming for you. And we will stop, at no end, until you are in the ground. You’re a traitor to this nation,” said the man’s voicemail left for the Arizona Secretary of State. “I hope they kill your children,” shouted the murdered child’s relative at their alleged killer in a Houston courtroom. Gay people should be “lined up against the wall and shot in the back of the head,” preached the Texan pastor. “Yes I do, I support genocide. I support killing all you guys, how about that?” the campus safety officer told a group of protesters at CUNY.

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I’ve been thinking for a while about how people determine when violence is acceptable. For that reason certain news stories jump out to me, particularly those close to home in the increasingly angry United States. I don’t have all the answers, but I think that within many (or most?) of us is a something akin to a black box of violence, when anger reaches a point that people feel compelled to threaten, harm, or even kill. As Lincoln wrote: “Blood grows hot, and blood is spilled.” Yet how this all operates under the hood is somewhat nebulous, and I think people have their own idiosyncratic formula for what makes their blood “hot” and what they decide to do about it. The hope is that bringing these subconscious inclinations closer to the surface might give us a better understanding, and possibly control, over them.

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Hotel Rwanda

I keep thinking about this scene from Hotel Rwanda (2004), about indifference to suffering and atrocity.

“How can they not intervene when they witness such atrocities?”

“I think if people see this footage they’ll say, ‘oh my God that’s horrible,’ and then go on eating their dinners.”

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Becoming Monsters

I’ll keep this brief. Shortly after the July, 2005 London bombings, U2 performed in Milan and dedicated the song Miss Sarajevo to its victims. Bono prefaced the song with these words:

“We’d like to dedicate this next song to those who lost their lives in London last week and who are maimed and injured today. And we would like to turn our song into a prayer. The prayer is that we don’t become a monster in order to defeat a monster. That’s our prayer tonight.”

The song has been one of my favorites for a long time (see here). Lately, I’ve been thinking of this particular version because it’s a reminder to try not to lose our humanity while pursuing justice and standing up to great wrongs.

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The Long Reach of Famine in Gaza

Childhood growth is a mirror for “the material and moral condition” of a society.           

   – Dr. James Tanner, pediatrician and auxologist (1986:3)

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In 2015, Lital Keinan-Boker and colleagues published a study in The Israel Medical Association Journal that examined whether the Holocaust during WW2 had impacted the long-term health of older Israeli adults (mean age 69 years). They were working within the framework of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, a body of evidence that shows that an array of stressors including malnutrition early in life (prenatally and/or during infancy) can increase risk for various chronic diseases in adulthood.

The study design compared people who were born between 1940–1945 in Nazi-occupied countries in Europe (which they categorized as the ‘exposed’ group; n=653) to those in Israel to Europe-born parents (‘non-exposed’; n=433). After adjusting for confounding variables, Keinan-Boker et al concluded that those born in Europe during WW2 were significantly more likely to have dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. As they wrote, “The results of the current study on fetal and early childhood exposure to malnutrition and hunger and the subsequent long-term outcomes are in accordance with previously published data from research on non-Jewish populations.”

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Replenishing Empathy: Gaza and Sudan

“Empathy is a finite resource. You can run out. As a normal, psychological response, you cannot give yourself of again and again and again without replenishing.” — Emmett Fitzgerald

I keep thinking of the psychologist Paul Slovic’s term “compassion fade,” or our inability to sustain empathy as greater numbers of people require aid. Slovic has pointed out that we have a much easier time empathizing with single individuals than with nameless statistics. So when we hear of numbers like 108 million people being displaced globally, 13,000 killed in the war in Sudan, or 30,000 people killed in Gaza, it doesn’t fully register with us. As the numbers go up, and the people with power seem unwilling to stop it, we can feel numb.

But when I see a single innocent girl in Gaza —not much older than my daughter— crying  that she just wants her leg back again, any numbness instantly fades away.

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The Civilian Costs of the Soviet-Finnish Wars

The Civilian Costs of the Soviet-Finnish Wars

The Finnish-Soviet wars will seem like an esoteric topic and a slight departure from the things I usually write about. I am doing this because of my interests in war and health in a general sense, particularly how conflict-related stress and malnutrition may affect long-term health. It’s important to remember that not all places are affected by war equally, and local details are essential. This is just a place for me to make some notes about how Finnish civilians, especially food supplies, were affected by the different wars from 1939-45. The main source is Olli Vehviläinen’s 2002 book Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia, in particular Chapter 7, “A Society Under Stress.” I’m also including some relevant photos from Thérèse Bonney’s 1943 photo-essay book “Europe’s Children.”

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Killing Each Other’s Children

“War may sometimes be a necessary evil. But no matter how necessary, it is always an evil, never a good. We will not learn how to live together in peace by killing each other’s children.

The bond of our common humanity is stronger than the divisiveness of our fears and prejudices. God gives us the capacity for choice. We can choose to alleviate suffering. We can choose to work together for peace. We can make these changes – and we must.”

–Jimmy Carter Nobel Lecture, Oslo, (December 10, 2002)

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Quantifying Gaza

“From the individualistic point of view it matters not at all that a million people perish, what matters is that one person dies a million times.”

—Lidiya Ginzburg (1902-90) siege of Leningrad survivor, “Notes from the Blockade”, p. 85

“I am not a number and I do not consent to my death being passing news. Say, too, that I love life, happiness, freedom, children’s laughter, the sea, coffee, writing, Fairouz, everything that is joyful—though these things will all disappear in the space of a moment.”

—Nour al Din Hajjaj, Palestinian writer (2006 -2023)

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Palestinians mourning their relatives, killed in an overnight Israeli strike on the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, during a mass funeral at Al-Aqsa Hospital in Deir Al-Balah, in the central Gaza Strip, on Monday. Source: Mahmud Hams/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Numbers can be a double-edged sword.

They can help us perceive the scale of an issue, or the difference between two things. We can use them to detect how patterns may change over time. They can aid us in finding associations between variables. And they can allow us to see a pattern from above and help us gain some emotional distance from it. To quantify, wrote Carl Sagan, was one of our most important “scientific tools” (though he also left room for qualitative approaches). Similarly, in Errol Morris’ outstanding documentary “The Fog of War,” one of Robert McNamara’s eleven lessons was simply “Get the data.” In sum, numbers are essential.

Yet numbers also have some limitations, particularly when it comes to war and human suffering. Sometimes, numbers seem to numb our humanity. As psychologist Paul Slovic has written, we are more apt to empathize with individuals in a way that is difficult when thinking about a multitude, an effect he referred to as “psychic numbing” (Slovic, 2007). For example, people are more likely to donate to charity after being presented with the story of a single affected person than statistics from a humanitarian disaster.

By now, the numbers from Gaza and Israel are fairly well-known. Hamas’ heinous terrorist attacks in Israel on October 7, which killed 1,200 people (including 845 civilians), injured 5,431, kidnapped 239 more, and included multiple brutal acts of sexual assault. Following that horrible day, many organizations have sought to quantify the effects of Israel’s military actions in Gaza.[1]  

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Leaving Twitter

I deleted my Twitter/X account a couple of weeks ago. After being on the site for fourteen years, I admit that it was difficult to let go. Mine wasn’t a huge account, with only a few thousand followers, but Twitter had been good to me. It helped me forge professional contacts, share some writing, even get invited to conferences and be interviewed by journalists. And of course there was some time to follow news, goof off, and just interact with people around the world.

However, after the change of ownership to Elon Musk, the site seemed to change for the worse, with an increase in ethnic slurs and hate speech, and a decrease in oversight. There appears to be an exodus of academics from Twitter, as networks gradually deteriorated and the algorithm seemed to sideline old voices in favor of more sensational, even hate-filled tweets. The journal Nature mentioned one analysis which found that a handful of controversial, previously obscure, accounts that Musk personally recommended or interacted with had exploded in popularity after only a year.

I know there are many more important issues than this. Some friends suggested I stay there and “take up space,” make your voice known, etc. Knowing the old maxim about the Internet, “If you are not paying for it, you’re not the customer; you’re the product being sold,” ultimately I felt ethically torn by remaining there and being a product for a site that was going in a direction I disagreed with. So, I guess that’s that.

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A Window in the Skies

Current events leave me searching for reasons for optimism, so I turn to one of my favorite videos. It’s raw energy, the editing is spot-on, and the sentiment behind it (the love can leave open better possibilities) is needed.